Eco‐Holonic 4.0 Circular Business Model to Conceptualize Sustainable Value Chain Towards Digital Transition

The purpose of this paper is to conceptualize a circular business model based on an Eco-Holonic Architecture, through the integration of circular economy and holonic principles. A conceptual model is developed to manage the complexity of integrating circular economy principles, digital transformation, and tools and frameworks for sustainability into business models. The proposed architecture is multilevel and multiscale in order to achieve the instantiation of the sustainable value chain in any territory. The architecture promotes the incorporation of circular economy and holonic principles into new circular business models. This integrated perspective of business model can support the design and upgrade of the manufacturing companies in their respective industrial sectors. The conceptual model proposed is based on activity theory that considers the interactions between technical and social systems and allows the mitigation of the metabolic rift that exists between natural and social metabolism. This study contributes to the existing literature on circular economy, circular business models and activity theory by considering holonic paradigm concerns, which have not been explored yet. This research also offers a unique holonic architecture of circular business model by considering different levels, relationships, dynamism and contextualization (territory) aspects

Distritos térmicos urbanos e industriales. Sector emergente de servicios profesionales

La búsqueda del uso racional y eficiente de la energía, considerándose ésta como el empleo óptimo de la energía en cada uno de los eslabones de la cadena energética, ha propiciado la aparición del concepto de Distrito Térmico (Distric Heating), donde la integración de fuentes de calor en una zona geográfica determinada posibilita que el conjunto produzca unos niveles significativamente inferiores de emisiones con efecto invernadero y otros gases, en comparación con la generación de calor de forma individual [1]. es más fácil asegurar que los objetivos de emisiones se cumplen con unos pocos de productores grandes que con muchos productores pequeños. esto es debido a que las propias centrales de los Distritos Térmicos posibilitan el aprovechamiento de las economías de escala, el uso de equipos industriales y una mejor tecnología para la mejora de la eficiencia y control de la contaminación

Enactive manufacturing through cyber-physical systems: a step beyond cognitive manufacturing

Cognitive manufacturing, as a paradigm for providing intelligence to manufacturing systems and enabling interaction with operators presents limitations. Manufacturing system requires to be adaptive to machine tools, manufacturing environments and operators. In this line, the enactive approach to cognitive science provides a paradigm for the design of new biologically inspired cognitive architectures. Likewise, the advantages of Key Enabling Technologies and the concept of Industry 4.0 reveal new opportunities for increasing industrial innovation and developing sustainable industrial environments. These technologies are appropriated to overcome the limitations of cognitive manufacturing, because they can achieve the integration of physical and digital systems focused on cyber-physical systems. In this work, an architecture for the sustainable development of enactive manufacturing systems based on holonic paradigm is proposed and its main associated informational model is described

Metabolism in eco-holonic manufacturing systems based on the living systems theory

The industrial metabolism has been conceived on the basis of analogies about the set of biochemical reactions (anabolism and catabolism) that occur in a living being and their flows of matter, energy and substances in natural ecosystems. This conception determines forms of appropriation and consumption of substances, materials and energy, from the natural environment (natursphere) and the technical environment (technosphere) for their transformation and subsequent elimination, under the articulation of criteria of cyclicity, toxicity and efficiency. The last aim of Industrial Ecology (IE), is materialized when the variety of industrial ecosystems is eco-compatible with the variety of natural ecosystems. The naturalisation of manufacturing systems is an effort to conceive them with variety similar to natural systems in order to achieve their eco-compatibility. In addition to bionic models from natural ecosystems in the field of industrial metabolism, several attempts have been made to design technical systems using bionic models from the Living Systems Theory (LST). The formulation of manufacturing systems based on living systems can be considered as a set of dynamic systems from Bertalanffy's perspective. In this paper is postulated an Eco-Holonic Reference Architecture for its projection in the design of manufacturing systems metabolism with an adaptive, self-regulating and required variety structure and with a potential toolbox in the core knowledge of the holon throughout its life cycl

Standardization Framework for Sustainability from Circular Economy 4.0

The circular economy (CE) is widely known as a way to implement and achieve sustainability, mainly due to its contribution towards the separation of biological and technical nutrients under cyclic industrial metabolism. The incorporation of the principles of the CE in the links of the value chain of the various sectors of the economy strives to ensure circularity, safety, and efficiency. The framework proposed is aligned with the goals of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development regarding the orientation towards the mitigation and regeneration of the metabolic rift by considering a double perspective. Firstly, it strives to conceptualize the CE as a paradigm of sustainability. Its principles are established, and its techniques and tools are organized into two frameworks oriented towards causes (cradle to cradle) and effects (life cycle assessment), and these are structured under the three pillars of sustainability, for their projection within the proposed framework. Secondly, a framework is established to facilitate the implementation of the CE with the use of standards, which constitute the requirements, tools, and indicators to control each life cycle phase, and of key enabling technologies (KETs) that add circular value 4.0 to the socio-ecological transition

Exploring Symmetry of Binary Classification Performance Metrics

Selecting the proper performance metric constitutes a key issue for most classification problems in the field of machine learning. Although the specialized literature has addressed several topics regarding these metrics, their symmetries have yet to be systematically studied. This research focuses on ten metrics based on a binary confusion matrix and their symmetric behaviour is formally defined under all types of transformations. Through simulated experiments, which cover the full range of datasets and classification results, the symmetric behaviour of these metrics is explored by exposing them to hundreds of simple or combined symmetric transformations. Cross-symmetries among the metrics and statistical symmetries are also explored. The results obtained show that, in all cases, three and only three types of symmetries arise: labelling inversion (between positive and negative classes); scoring inversion (concerning good and bad classifiers); and the combination of these two inversions. Additionally, certain metrics have been shown to be independent of the imbalance in the dataset and two cross-symmetries have been identified. The results regarding their symmetries reveal a deeper insight into the behaviour of various performance metrics and offer an indicator to properly interpret their values and a guide for their selection for certain specific applications.University of Seville (Spain) by Telefónica Chair “Intelligence in Networks

The impact of class imbalance in classification performance metrics based on the binary confusion matrix

A major issue in the classification of class imbalanced datasets involves the determination of the most suitable performance metrics to be used. In previous work using several examples, it has been shown that imbalance can exert a major impact on the value and meaning of accuracy and on certain other well-known performance metrics. In this paper, our approach goes beyond simply studying case studies and develops a systematic analysis of this impact by simulating the results obtained using binary classifiers. A set of functions and numerical indicators are attained which enables the comparison of the behaviour of several performance metrics based on the binary confusion matrix when they are faced with imbalanced datasets. Throughout the paper, a new way to measure the imbalance is defined which surpasses the Imbalance Ratio used in previous studies. From the simulation results, several clusters of performance metrics have been identified that involve the use of Geometric Mean or Bookmaker Informedness as the best null-biased metrics if their focus on classification successes (dismissing the errors) presents no limitation for the specific application where they are used. However, if classification errors must also be considered, then the Matthews Correlation Coefficient arises as the best choice. Finally, a set of null-biased multi-perspective Class Balance Metrics is proposed which extends the concept of Class Balance Accuracy to other performance metrics

Oportunidades y valores de la industria 5.0 en la gestión de la prevención de riesgos laborales

La Industria 5.0 surge respaldada por las tecnologías de la Industria 4.0 pero con el objetivo de que la producción respete los límites de nuestro planeta, colocando el bienestar del trabajador en el centro del proceso productivo. Esta nueva etapa no se basa en tecnologías, sino en valores recogidos bajo tres grandes enfoques: el Ser Humano, la Sostenibilidad y la Resiliencia. Este cambio de paradigma permite que la transformación tecnológica pueda diseñarse de acuerdo con las necesidades de la sociedad, no al revés. En este trabajo se profundiza en los aspectos que configuran los diferentes valores en los que se basa la Industria 5.0, orientándose a identificar las oportunidades que esto brinda en la Gestión de la Prevención de Riesgos Laborales. En base a lo anterior, se propone una metodología de diseño, denominada Diseño Sensible a Valores (DSV). Esta trata de establecer objetivos de diseño, que sirven como vía entre los valores abstractos de la Industria 5.0 y los factores de riesgo que se quieren reducir

Modelo dinámico para la gestión integrada de proyectos de construcción

Los avances que se vienen desarrollando en las tecnologías de la información han sido rápidamente aprovechados e integrados en las grandes corporaciones productivas en los diferentes ámbitos de actuación. Sin embargo, por sus particularidades, la explotación de las posibilidades que ofrecen las nuevas tecnologías en la industria de la construcción presenta dificultades. Se propone el análisis de la implantación de un modelo de dirección de proyectos en el ámbito de la construcción (PMBOK), en un entorno colaborativo entre empresas, socios y stakeholders, considerando especialmente la perspectiva informacional y el impacto en la satisfacción del cliente, usando como indicadores la información generada desde el área de calidad, evaluando las oportunidades que ofrece la gestión integrada mediante nuevas tecnologías de la información. Primeramente se describen los elementos fundamentales del modelo propuesto, identificando los flujos de información, según el estándar que propone la guía del PMBOK. A continuación se muestra la tecnología de implementación desde la perspectiva informacional para la calidad, soportada mediante una plataforma de agentes inteligentes distribuidos. Finalmente se detallan los resultados obtenidos mediante simulación con Dinámica de Sistemas en los casos de aplicación del modelo de gestión integrada de proyectos usando nuevas tecnologías de información distribuida y sin ellas, respectivamente.The advances are been developing about information technologies have been improved and integrated by big productive corporations in the different ways of work so quickly. However the possibilities of the operation that new technologies in construction industry offer give some difficulties due to its peculiarities. A model of introduction analysis project management in construction field is proposed at companies, partnership and stakeholders collaborative environments, with the consideration of the informational view and the impact in customer satisfaction, being used as indicators the generated information from the quality area, to assess the opportunities that offers the integrated management through new information technologies. Firstly the fundamental parts of the proposed model are described, being identified the information flows, according to the standard that PMBOK guide proposes. Next, the implementation technology is shown from the information perspective view for the quality, being supported by distributed intelligent agents platform. Finally, the achievement results through the simulation with Dynamic Systems in the different ways of application of the integrated project management model is detailed, being used new distributed information technologies or without them